Count Lewenhaupt, the Swedish minister of foreign affairs, who was considered to be too friendly towards the Norwegians, resigned and was replaced by Count Ludvig Douglas, who represented the opinion of the majority in the First Chamber. In 1814 Norway was the most industrialized and commercialized country in Scandinavia, despite its rather recent government institutions. Norway had, according to the revised constitution of 1814, the right to separate consular offices, but had not exercised that right partly for financial reasons, partly because the consuls appointed by the Swedish foreign office generally did a satisfactory job of representing Norway. He proposed reforms of both the foreign and consular services, with the express reservation that a joint foreign minister — Swedish or Norwegian — was a precondition for the existence of the Union. Norsk (in Norwegian), Norse (historical) Already in Norway, the viceroy of Norway, Hereditary Prince Christian Frederik resolved to preserve the integrity of the country, and if possible the union with Denmark, by taking the lead in a Norwegian insurrection. The repeated wars and invasions led to popular resentment against Sweden among Norwegians. Sweden is a Scandinavian nation in Northern Europe, located between Norway and Finland. Its statutes moreover stipulated that noblemen surrender their exclusive, hereditary claims to state careers. On 10 April, the delegates convened at Eidsvoll. A policy conducive to agriculture and rural interests secured the loyalty of farmers. Barton, H. Arnold. In order to understand the nature of the Union, it is necessary to know the historical events that led to its establishment. In 1885, the Storting accepted Landsmål as an official written language on par with Danish. The proposals of the communiqué were presented to the joint council of state on 11 December, raising hopes that a solution was imminent. RELIGION: Christianity (Evangelical Lutheran Chu…, Culture Name Christian Frederik refused to accept a proclamation from the Swedish king but insisted instead on reading his letter to the Norwegian people, proclaiming himself regent. Boström now appeared on his own in Christiania and presented his unexpected principles or conditions for a settlement. Encyclopedia.com. King Gustav III (1746–1792) actively approached any circle in Norway that might favor a union with Sweden instead of with Denmark. But for the time being, he was occupied with the concluding battles on the Continent, giving the Norwegians time to develop their plans. The four-power delegation rejected Christian Frederik's proposal that Norway's constitution form the basis for negotiations about a union with Sweden but promised to put the proposal to the Swedish king for consideration. The imprisonment in 1838 of the journalist Magnus Crusenstolpe provoked rioting and casualties, martyrs for the cause of yttrandefrihet (freedom of speech). Björnstjerna sent several missives threatening to resume hostilities. Norway, which protested the agreement, threatening war, eventually won considerable autonomy from Sweden. 1249 - Finland becomes part of Sweden after the Second Swedish Crusade led by Birger Jarl. On 22 May, the newly elected king made a triumphant entrance into Christiania. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. suffered as Denmark–Norway backed France in the Napoleonic Wars and soon Sweden took an interest in Norway. The Swedish Army, in trying to intercept the retreat, was stopped at the battle of Langnes, an important tactical victory for the Norwegians. Over the course of around 250 years, seafaring Norsemen left their homes to pursue riches abroad. There they conferred with von Essen, who told them that 65,000 Swedish troops were ready to invade Norway. The author spoke from experience, for many of his own relatives had left (and were to leave) Sweden for the promise of land to call their own. Sweden also invaded Norway in 1567, 1644, 1658, and 1716 to wrest the country away from the union with Denmark and either annex it or form a union. In 1814 Norway declares independence from Denmark. As of that date the houses of Bernadotte (King Oscar II; r. 1872–1907) and Oldenburg (King Håkon VII; r. 1905–1957) stood as equals—as separate constitutional monarchies. Such endeavors on both sides of the border toward a "rapprochement" were far from realistic before the Napoleonic Wars created conditions that caused great political upheavals in Scandinavia. This carefully crafted e-artnow ebook is formatted for your eReader with a functional and detailed table of contents. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sweden-and-norway, "Sweden and Norway He put pressure on the Storting by arranging military maneuvers close to Christiania while it was in session. ." It was met with total silence from Stockholm. That would be to put the world on its head.". Seeds of discord were of course inherent in a constitutional association of two parties based on such conflicting calculations. (April 17, 2021). Charles John strongly opposed the public commemoration of the May constitution, which he suspected of being a celebration of the election of Christian Frederik. By then, the Union had lost its support among Norwegians because of the setback caused by the issue of abolishing the office of viceroy. The centigrade scale for measuring temperature, devised in 1742, was the work of the astronomer Anders Celsius. 1826) Carl XV of Sweden was also Carl IV of Norway (May 3, 1826 – September 18, 1872). The Independence party won the day with a majority of 78–33 to establish Norway as an independent monarchy. Thus, Michelsen and his ministers were instructed to remain in office as a caretaker government. More ambitiously still, the constitution forced the crown to accept a compromise between legislative and executive authority: members of the Riksdag, or Parliament of Estates—still intact, indeed stronger than ever—now enjoyed the right to veto legislation and the budget. Partly, the demand for separate consuls also became a symbolic one, a way to assert the growing disillusionment with the Union. Derry Paperback $25.00. Here are the ones that I found funny, amusing, and fascinating. Vilhelm Moberg (1898–1973) portrayed one family's migration from Småland to Minnesota in four heart-wrenching books, all enduring, popular classics. Sweden accepted the union's dissolution on 26 October. On 4 November 1814, the kingdoms of Sweden and Norway formed a personal union under one king. Soon train service also linked Gothenburg with Jonsered, and Malmö with Lund. In the valuable collection of Langebek, we find a list of monarchs in Icelandic [5] as old, at least, as the tenth century, sufficiently ample for the vanity of any nation. Steen stayed on as prime minister, but was succeeded by Otto Blehr in 1902. Orientation Shortly thereafter Denmark ruled over Norway for nearly three centuries (1536-1814), after which point Norway fell under Swedish rule. Historically it has been quite a scene of power-swapping and power sharing. Its armed forces were no longer as heavily outnumbered in comparison with those of Sweden. Sweden and Denmark-Norway strenuously attempted to remain neutral during the Napoleonic wars, and succeeded for a long time, in spite of many invitations to join the belligerent alliances. The king of Sweden … They increasingly emphasized a new "modern" curriculum at the expense of the old classical canon of Greco-Roman language and culture. But the conservative Swedish Riksdag had not allowed the Swedish constitution to be revised. Norwegian students joined in 1845 and participated in annual meetings alternating between the countries. The ambitious wars waged by King Charles XII, however, led to the loss of that status after the Great Northern War, 1700–1721. LANGUAGES Key precepts of the constitution included the assurance of individual freedom, the right to property, and equality. A specialist in partial differential equations and the geometry of rotating solid objects, in 1884 she was appointed professor at the University of Stockholm, earning a chair five years later. Saw-mill owners and timber merchants in the Christiania region, backed by great fortunes and economic influence, formed an elite group that began to see the central government in Copenhagen as a hindrance to Norwegian aspirations. The proposition to do away with this detested symbol of dependency and instead replace it with the office of a prime minister in Christiania was nearly unanimously carried. The question of separate consuls for Norway soon came up again. No further steps were taken by the King to restore normal constitutional conditions. LOCATION: central and western part of the Balkan Peninsula (Southeastern Europe) , Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, Kosovo…, Finns Within the work of both Lagerlöf and Strindberg there is manifestly a touch of Esaias Tegnér's (1782–1846) "nationalism." The ministers refused to obey his demand that they countersign his decision, and immediately left for Christiania. Inspired by Rudyard Kipling, the book consists of witty, graphic lessons in geography—seen through the eyes of a mischievous, elfish teenager riding a goose through the sky. It proposed that the relations of the separate consuls to the joint ministry of foreign affairs and the embassies should be arranged by identical laws, which could not be altered or repealed without the consent of the governments of both countries. The Swedish Crown Prince Bernadotte responded by threatening to send an army to occupy Norway, and to uphold the grain embargo, unless the country voluntarily complied with the provisions of the Kiel Treaty. The proposals of a joint committee with regard to flags and arm were enacted for both countries. He would then have to transfer his powers to the elected representatives of the people, who would negotiate the terms of the union with Sweden, and finally he would relinquish all claims to the Norwegian throne and leave the country. When Christian Frederik argued that the Norwegian people had a right to determine their own destiny, the Austrian emissary August Ernst Steigentesch made the famous comment: "The people? Norway - Norway - Union with Sweden: Haakon’s successor was Magnus VII Eriksson, the young son of his daughter, Ingebjørg, and Duke Erik, son of Magnus I of Sweden. During his month in Christiania, he had several meetings with the government and the parliamentary Special Committee that had been formed on 18 February to work out the details on national legislation to establish Norwegian consuls. The Pagan Age: Denmark (B.C. His success as a military commander and as leader of the provisional government made him very popular in Norway. On 10 February, Christian Frederik invited prominent Norwegians to a meeting to be held at his friend Carsten Anker's estate at Eidsvoll to discuss the situation. In contrast, Sweden's king was a near-autocrat; the 1809 Instrument of Government stated unequivocally that "the king alone shall govern the realm." The "union of Sweden and Norway, formed in 1814, ended on 7 June 1905. King Oscar asked the governments to work out proposals for identical laws. Swedish reactions to the action of the Storting were strong. Sweden then invaded Norway but agreed to let Norway keep its constitution in return for accepting the union under a Swedish king. Following a contentious debate on 4 May, the assembly decided that Norway would adhere to the Lutheran faith, that its monarch must always have professed himself to this faith (thereby prevent the Catholic-born Bernadotte from being king) and that Jews and Jesuits would be barred from entering the kingdom. He immediately allowed public worship for creeds other than Lutheranism: hence the emergence of Baptists, Methodists (headed by the Scotsman George Scott [1804–1874]), Pentecostals, and other sects, although dutiful religious conviction was by and large waning. The cabinet was accused of assisting the king in obstructing reform by veto. Instead, he could only appoint members of the party or coalition having a majority in the Storting. Baron Louis De Geer, whose counsel as minister of justice had led to. On 30 January, he consulted several prominent Norwegian advisors, arguing that King Frederick had no legal right to relinquish his inheritance, asserting that he was the rightful king of Norway, and that Norway had a right to self-determination. On 23 May the Storting passed the government's proposal for the establishment of separate Norwegian consuls. This resolution would for many years block any attempts to revise the Act of Union. After riots in Stockholm in the fall of 1838, the king found Christiania more convivial, and while there, he agreed to several demands. The promising results of these negotiations was published in a "communiqué" of 24 March 1903. 1814 is another incredible year to note in the history of Norway. The Swedish Riksdag could indirectly influence foreign policy, but not the Norwegian Storting. In the beginning, the political establishments in the two countries were suspicious of the movement. Sweden has a long and colorful history, going back many centuries in great detail. And employers owed their employees neither health insurance nor retirement pensions. It supported the idea of Scandinavia as a unified region or a single nation, based on the common linguistic, political, and cultural heritage of the Scandinavian countries. The industry with the largest growth was that of the export of planks, with Great Britain as the chief market. He chose not to sanction the law, but as a concession to wounded Norwegian sentiments, he did it anyway in a Norwegian cabinet meeting. A combination of socialist and anarchist, he loathed the bourgeoisie for its insipidity and materialism, evident in his novel The Red Room (Röda rummet, 1879) and his history of Swedish People at Work and Play (Svenska folket i helg och söcken, 1881–1882). Denmark–Norway entered the Napoleonic Wars on France's side in 1807. The history of the iconic Viking Age, in Norway, Scandinavia and beyond. The Norwegian government acquired a splendid town house, Pechlinska huset, as the residence of the cabinet section in Stockholm, which also served as an informal "embassy" of Norway. Be that as it may, the crown could no longer dictate, but had to negotiate its authority. Industry is established, railways are built, and in Sweden the Göta canal is completed in 1832 - enabling sea-going ships to cross the entire peninsula, over a distance of some 300 miles, from Göteborg to a point south of Stockholm in the Baltic. Niels Rosenkrantz, the Danish foreign minister, responded to the Swedish demands by asserting that the Danish government in no way supported Norwegian independence, but that they could not vacate border posts they did not hold. The name of the country means "Borderlands of the Danes" in reference to a political unit created during the…, Serbs Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. In the meantime, Sweden obliged its allies by joining the Sixth Coalition and declaring war against France and Denmark-Norway on 24 March 1813. In a last attempt to placate the recalcitrant Norwegians, Boström, considered to be an obstacle to better relations, was succeeded by Johan Ramstedt. For instance, while the king had the power of absolute veto in Sweden, he only had a suspending veto in Norway. In 1389, the crowns of Denmark, Norway and Sweden were united under the rule of the Danish Queen Margareta. Their increasing self-assertiveness led them to question the policies that favored Danish interests over that of Norway's while rejecting key Norwegian demands for the creation of important national institutions, such as a bank and a university. When was Sweden founded? The king, however, declared he could not accept their resignation, "as no other cabinet can now be formed". Sweden enjoyed a legacy of ambitious, original scholarship, especially in science. These efforts were mostly resisted by the Norwegian Storting. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. In 1905 Norway became independent from Sweden. On 3 August Christian Frederik announced his political will in a cabinet meeting in Moss. The next day, church bells in Christiania rang for a full hour, and the city's citizens convened to swear fealty to Christian Frederik. He decided to claim the throne of Norway as rightful heir, and to set up an independent government with himself at the head. Number of References in Bibliography: 1151. This had a devastating effect on the Norwegian economy as the Royal Navy hindered export by ship and import of food. On the other hand, Norway, aided by the same powers, essentially dictated the terms of the Union. Like primary schools, secondary institutions of learning grew in number during the nineteenth century. The Act was passed by the Storting 31 July 1815 and by the Riksdag 6 August, and sanctioned by the king on 15 August. After the accession of Charles John in 1818, he tried to bring the two countries closer together and to strengthen the executive power. In late September, a dispute arose between Swedish authorities and the Norwegian council of state over the distribution of grain among the poor in Christiania. New York, 1966. Rising nationalism throughout the 19th century led to a 1905 referendum granting Norway independence. History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland (1737-2015) William Shurtleff. On 27 July, a Swedish fleet took over the islands of Hvaler, effectively putting Sweden at war with Norway. The Sweden that entered the nineteenth century stood ruled unevenly by a despotic king and four cowering medieval "estates" bodies representing the clergy, nobility, peasantry, and the burgher class. The Union of 1814 was the result of a Swedish initiative, while the dissolution of 1905 came about because Norway took the initiative. In a joint meeting of the Swedish and Norwegian cabinets on 30 January 1839, a Union committee with four members from each country was appointed to solve contested questions between them. The Storting asked Oscar to allow a Bernadotte prince to accede to the Norwegian throne in hopes of reconciliation, but Oscar turned this offer down. This "instrument of government" guaranteed freedom of the press, speech, and worship; to achieve as much, and more, it also introduced the ombudsman, an agent to police the nation's administration. Both countries joined Russia and Prussia in a League of Armed Neutrality in 1800. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). As Sweden in the meantime had sided with the British, Denmark-Norway was forced by Napoleon to declare war on Sweden on 29 February 1808. One after another these rights and liberties were withdrawn, however, provoking fury but no rebellion. Our first obligation will then be the most bloody revenge upon Sweden and her friends; but you must never lose the hope that England will realize the unjustice that is being done to us, and voice it until the last moment – as well as our constant wish for peace." During this period, marked by a series of long, cold winters, farmers' plots gave surprisingly meager yields. More (male) citizens in Norway (around 40%) had the right to vote than in the socially more stratified Sweden. ETHNONYMS: Karelians or Karjalaiset, Suomalaiset, Tavastians or Hämäläiset 1872 – Carl XV of Sweden (b. Anker stayed on in London until fall, doggedly maintaining his efforts to awaken sympathy and support for Norwegian interests. Yet in all these plays lurks Strindberg's own turmoil, which makes the drama convincing and grave. The chief objective of Bernadotte's foreign policy as Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden was the acquisition of Norway, and he pursued that goal by definitively renouncing Sweden's claims in Finland and joining the enemies of Napoleon. Without Norway and Finland, which had been lost to Russia in a series of battles in 1808–1809, Sweden could no longer, claim to be a stormakt, or "great power.". The differences and distrust of these early years gradually became less pronounced, and Charles John's increasingly accommodating attitude made him more popular. By the 1814 Treaty of Kiel, the King of Denmark-Norway was forced to cede Norway to the King of Sweden, but Norway refused to submit to the treaty provisions, declared independence, and convoked a constituent assembly at Eidsvoll in early 1814. Memories of an allegedly simpler and ordered way of life. The increasing democratization of Norway would in time tend to drive the political systems of Norway and Sweden farther apart, complicate the cooperation between the two countries, and ultimately lead to the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden. Yet aware of how liberty was maturing elsewhere and roused by the nationalist Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910), Norwegians increasingly wanted their nation to themselves. Eventually Lars Johan Hierta, founder in 1830 of the newspaper Aftonbladet came to lead the campaign against censorship—against the 1812 indragningsmakt, or right to seizure, that held the press in check. A History of the politics surrounding The Union of Norway with Sweden, from 1814-1905, from the Norwegian perspective - Summary by Ærik Bjørnsson For a commentary he wrote on Jesus, Strindberg was tried for blasphemy. From 1829 onwards, the viceroys were Norwegians, until the office was left vacant after 1856, and finally abolished in 1873. The child was also elected to the Swedish crown in 1319, creating a personal union between the two countries that lasted until 1355. Although Norway … The Norwegian government found these demands unacceptable and incompatible with the sovereignty of Norway. Should the need arise they could impeach the king's councilors and ministers. Only 5 left in stock (more on the way). By the 17th century, the Swedish Empire had emerged in Scandinavia. The Union between Sweden and Norway is an overriding theme of the history of Sweden in the 19th century. However he refused to surrender the Norwegian border forts to Swedish troops. Prince Christian August, the enemy commander who had been promoted to viceroy of Norway in 1809, was chosen because the Swedish insurgents saw that his great popularity among the Norwegians might open the way for a union with Norway, to compensate for the loss of Finland. Denmark is, in no respect, behind either Sweden or Norway in its claims to antiquity. He stated that that Norway should subject itself to a Swedish union, and also that his government's position be printed in all Norwegian newspapers. 17 Apr. History of Sweden (800–1521) Language; Watch; Edit; Swedish pre-history ends around 800 AD, when the Viking Age begins and written sources are available. Improvements in education likewise deepened a sense of nationhood, of sharing as citizens. By 1900 railways were common, and in subsequent years Sweden would construct an intricate, efficient network. Provoked by Sweden's dominant position, and launched in 1700 by an act of concerted aggression against Sweden by the kings of Poland and Denmark and the tsar of Russia, the war seems at first to give conclusive proof that Sweden fully deserves her pre-eminence in the region. The answer from Norwegian politicians to all royal advances was a strict adherence to a policy of constitutional conservatism, consistently opposing amendments that would extend royal power or lead to closer ties and eventual amalgamation with Sweden, instead favoring regional autonomy. Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. He informed them of his intent to resist Swedish hegemony and claim the Norwegian crown as his inheritance. . The fundamental documents were only the Convention of Moss and the revised Norwegian constitution of 4 November 1814. Often living hand to mouth, isolated, and without education, peasants—over half of whom were landowners—did not all know about enclosing their fields or rotating crops. An upper house would guard the interests of old noble families, and a lower house was to serve the aspirations of prosperous farmers and increasingly those of professionals like doctors, lawyers, and teachers. The name Norge ("the Northern Way") originally pe…, Danes © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. offered refuge from a century that threatened to become the property of larger, global forces of change, symbolized by the locomotive. Scandinavia was formally Christianized by 1100 AD. The great powers viewed Norwegian independence more favorably in 1905 than in 1814. Norwegians considered it offensive that it was also displayed on Swedish coins and government documents, as if Norway was an integral part of Sweden. In the following days, mutual suspicion and distrust came to the surface within the convention. This first national government after several centuries of Danish rule demonstrated that home rule was possible in Norway, and was later seen as a test of the viability of independence. Only in 1889 did Hjalmar Branting establish the Social Democratic Labor Party. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. As of that date the houses of Bernadotte (King Oscar II; r. 1872–1907) and Oldenburg (King Håkon VII; r. 1905–1957) stood as equals—as separate constitutional monarchies. She undertook a range of official engagements, and she also gave many speeches, which was unusual for females in the Royal Family at the time. Some members of the "timber aristocracy" thus saw Sweden as a more natural partner, and cultivated commercial and political contacts with Sweden. [citation needed]. For a brief time, Norway once again became an independent nation, drawing up its own constitution. Thus while Strindberg normally wrote about the world he knew through experience, in the tradition of Viktor Rydberg, he also on occasion explored the fantastic and bizarre. Therefore, a bilateral treaty had to be negotiated in order to clarify procedures for treating constitutional questions that had to be decided jointly by both governments. A few days later, Christian Frederik warned off a meeting with the Danish foreign minister, pointing out that it would fuel speculation that the prince was motivated by Danish designs on Norway. But both chambers of the Riksdag approved the proposal of the crown prince on 2 May 1905. Sweden broke out of the Kalmar Union permanently in 1523 under King Gustav Vasa, and in the middle of the 17th century rose to the status of a major regional power after the intervention of Gustavus II Adolphus in the Thirty Years' War. It took many years for iron plows and harrows, not to mention harvesters, to become widely employed. In the midst of negotiations and discussions that were in vain, in 1895 the Swedish government gave notice to Norway that the current commercial treaty of 1874, which had provided for a promising common market, would lapse in July 1897. Tempers began flaring over the appointment of a liaison between "master" and "subject" governments: Whose prerogative was it to select him? Christian Frederik sent letters through his personal network to governments throughout Europe, assuring them that he was not leading a Danish conspiracy to reverse the terms of the treaty of Kiel, and that his efforts reflected the Norwegian will for self-determination. But royal opposition caused a series of cabinet crises until a coalition government was formed in 1895 with Francis Hagerup as prime minister. . The response was 368,392 votes for the dissolution and only 184 against, an overwhelming majority of over 99.9 percent. The middle years of the 19th century were peaceful ones for the Union. The poet and bishop based much of his poetry on Old Norse legend, trumpeting Scandinavia's primacy—as did artists in all fields, music included. The dissensions chiefly had their origin in the demand by Norway for separate consuls and eventually a separate foreign service. Carbondale, Ill., 2003. To a degree such emigration had taken place in the decades before 1850, but this had been the result of religious discrimination. Seated on uncomfortable benches, the convention elected its officers in the presence of Christian Frederik on 11 April, before the debates began the next day. All delegates agreed that independence would be the ideal solution, but they disagreed on what was feasible. The Swedish policy during the same period was to cultivate contacts in Norway and encourage all signs of separatism. To preserve their hegemony, civil servants formed an alliance with prosperous farmers in the regions. He arrived in Norway on 25 November 1905, taking the name Haakon VII. The Norwegian government knew in advance of the Swedish demands, and forestalled it by declaring a plebiscite for 13 August—before the formal Swedish demand for a plebiscite was made, thus forestalling any claim that the referendum was made in response to demands from Stockholm. Though the debt was finally paid by means of a foreign loan, the disagreement that it had provoked led to the resignation of count Wedel-Jarlsberg as minister of finance in 1821. At the same time, troop concentrations in Sweden made the Norwegian government mobilize its army and navy on 13 September. But however severe and numerous, punishments had the effect of inspiring rather than inhibiting cries for change. Sweden had acquired Norway from Denmark, as penalty for its defense of Napoleon I (r. 1804–1814/15). Sweden had acquired Norway from Denmark, as penalty for its defense of Napoleon I (r. 1804–1814/15). The Norwegian government rejected his proposal on 17 April, referring to earlier fruitless attempts, and declared that it would go on with preparations for a separate consular service.
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